不同发酵茶中优势真菌的分离鉴定 及产消化酶活性比较

目的分离鉴定云南普洱茶、广州小青柑、广西六堡茶和湖南熙茯茶中的主要真菌,并探讨其产消化酶活性。方法采用平板涂布法分离不同发酵茶中的真菌,通过其ITS序列进行分子鉴定;利用平板透明圈法测定不同真菌的产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活性。结果从4种发酵茶中共分离出8种真菌,其中,在云南普洱茶中分离出2种真菌,分别为篮状菌(Talaromyces. sp.)和T.variabilis;广州小青柑中分离出3种真菌,分别为阿曲霉(Aspergillus amstelodami)、烟曲霉(A.fumigatus)和绳状篮状菌(T.funiculosus);广西六堡茶中分离出2种真菌,分别为黑曲霉(A.niger)和冠突曲霉(A.cristatus);湖南熙茯茶中仅分离出谢瓦曲霉(A.chevalieri)。其中Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.niger、A.amstelodami、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产纤维素酶活性,Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.cristatus、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产淀粉酶活性,Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.niger、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产蛋白酶活性,A.niger有产脂肪酶活性。在8种真菌中,T.variabilis、烟曲霉和绳状篮状菌可同时产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶;黑曲霉能同时产纤维素酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶;冠突曲霉仅有产淀粉酶活性;阿曲霉仅有产纤维素酶活性。通过比较不同真菌的产酶活性表明,烟曲霉的产蛋白酶活性能力最强;Talaromyces sp.的产纤维酶活性能力最强;Talaromyces. sp.和绳状篮状菌的产淀粉酶活性最强。结论发酵茶的真菌以曲霉菌属Aspergillus、散囊菌属Eurotium和篮状菌属Talaromyces为主,多数真菌具有产消化酶活性,这些酶可能在茶叶发酵过程中起重要作用,并影响发酵茶叶的品质。     

复合微生态制剂对幼刺参营养成分和 酶活力的影响

目的研究复合微生态制剂对幼刺参体壁营养成分、几种消化酶和免疫酶活力的影响。方法在封闭式循环系统中投喂不同的微生态制剂进行30 d刺参养殖实验。结果投喂液态复合微生态制剂组和粉状复合微生态制剂组的刺参体壁的粗脂肪、总糖、粗蛋白含量最高,两组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(Ps0.05)。添加微生态制剂的3个实验组刺参肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力均比对照组高,且差异有统计学意义(Ps0.05)。实验组刺参的肠道、体壁、体液过氧化氢酶活力均比对照组高,其中投喂液态复合微生态制剂实验组活力最高。实验组刺参组织的酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力也明显高于对照组(与对照组相比差异有统计学意义,Ps0.05)。结论微生态制剂可以有效改善幼刺参体壁营养成分,促进机体消化活力,提高刺参免疫力。     

微生态制剂在胃肠道疾病中的临床应用

微生态制剂(microbial ecological agents, MEA)是利用益生菌及其代谢产物而制成的一种药物制剂。MEA主要是通过补充有益的微生物来重建人体肠道内的菌群平衡,以治疗多种胃肠道疾病。现就近年来MEA在胃肠道中的作用机制,以及在防治炎症性肠病、与抗生素相关的腹泻、幽门螺杆菌感染和慢性肝病等疾病中的临床应用作一概述,为更好地开发和利用MEA治疗疾病奠定基础。     

An update of the regulatory factors of sperm migration from the uterus into the oviduct by genetically manipulated mice

Mammalian reproductive processes involve spermatogenesis, which occurs in the testis, and fertilization, which takes place in the female genital tract. Fertilization is a successive, multistep, and extremely complicated event that usually includes sperm survival in the uterus, sperm migration through the uterotubal junction (UTJ) and the oviduct, sperm penetration through the cumulus cell layer and the zona pellucida, and sperm–egg fusion. There may be a complex molecular mechanism to ensure that the above processes run smoothly. Previous studies have discovered essential factors for these fertilization steps through in vitro fertilization experiments. However, recent gene disruption approaches in mice have revealed that many of the factors previously described as important for fertilization are largely dispensable in gene‐knockout animals, and some previously unknown factors are emerging. As a result, the molecular mechanisms of fertilization, especially sperm migration from the uterus into the oviduct, have recently been revised by the emergence of genetically modified animals. In this review, we only focus on and update the essential genes for sperm migration through the UTJ and describe recent advances in our knowledge of the basis of mammalian sperm migration.     

环介导恒温扩增技术在呼吸道感染常见细菌临床检测中的应用评价

【背景】传统的细菌培养为下呼吸道感染诊断的金标准,但其检验周期长且敏感性低。环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术方法简单、检测快速,可应用于临床呼吸道感染常见细菌的快速检测。【目的】评估环介导恒温扩增技术对呼吸道感染常见7种细菌的检测能力。【方法】设计呼吸道感染常见的7种病原菌肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae,KP)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii,AB)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,SP)、卡他莫拉菌(Moraxella catarrhalis,MC)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae,HI)的环介导恒温扩增特异性引物,建立检测7种病原菌的LAMP方法。通过梯度稀释的方法检测敏感性,交叉反应实验检测特异性。回顾性分析2019年11月–2021年3月北京大学人民医院的2...     

The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease

Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. However, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and form—together with harmless commensal bacteria, viruses and fungi—intricate ecological networks, collectively known as the ‘microbiome’. Analogous to the gut microbiome, the respiratory microbiome at equilibrium is thought to be beneficial to the host by priming the immune system and providing colonization resistance, while an imbalanced ecosystem might predispose to bacterial overgrowth and development of respiratory infections. We postulate that specific ecological perturbations of the bacterial communities in the URT can occur in response to various lifestyle or environmental effectors, leading to diminished colonization resistance, loss of containment of newly acquired or resident pathogens, preluding bacterial overgrowth, ultimately resulting in local or systemic bacterial infections. Here, we review the current body of literature regarding niche-specific upper respiratory microbiota profiles within human hosts and the changes occurring within these profiles that are associated with respiratory infections.     

Time-resolved fluorescence-based assay for rapid detection of Escherichia coli

Fast and simple detection of pathogens is of utmost importance in health care and the food industry. In this article, a novel technology for the detection of pathogenic bacteria is presented. The technology uses lytic-specific bacteriophages and a nonspecific interaction of cellular components with a luminescent lanthanide chelate. As a proof of principle, Escherichia coli-specific T4 bacteriophage was used to infect the bacteria, and the cell lysis was detected. In the absence of E. coli, luminescent Eu³⁺–chelate complex cannot be formed and low time-resolved luminescence signal is monitored. In the presence of E. coli, increased luminescence signal is observed as the cellular contents are leached to the surrounding medium. The luminescence signal is observed as a function of the number of bacteria in the sample. The homogeneous assay can detect living E. coli in bacterial cultures and simulated urine samples within 25 min with a detection limit of 1000 or 10,000 bacterial cells/ml in buffer or urine, respectively. The detection limit is at the clinically relevant level, which indicates that the method could also be applicable to clinical settings for fast detection of urine bacteria.     

野生棘胸蛙消化器官蛋白酶的分布及酶活力

本研究在不同p H和温度条件下以离体方式对野生棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)不同消化器官的蛋白酶活力进行了分析。结果表明,食道、胃、胰的蛋白酶活力受到酶体系p H的显著影响(P0.05),且随p H升高呈现典型的单峰型活力曲线。食道和胃的蛋白酶活力在p H为1.5时达到峰值,胰的酶活力在p H为9.6时达到峰值,而肠道酶活力在p H为7.4时达到峰值。各消化器官蛋白酶活力具有明显的温度依赖性(P0.05),酶活力随温度升高也均呈典型的单峰型活力曲线,不同消化器官的最大酶活力温度分别为,食道50℃、胃50℃、胰45℃、前肠45℃、后肠45℃、直肠45℃。在最大酶活力的p H和30℃条件下,各消化器官蛋白酶活力由高到低依次为胰、食道、胃、直肠、前肠、后肠。由此可见,蛋白酶在棘胸蛙消化系统的分布具有明确的规律性,且不同来源的蛋白酶需要在特定p H和温度下才能表现出最大的反应活性。